By Godfrey Madanhire
The political crisis in Mozambique has escalated to a critical juncture, marked by widespread violence and human rights abuses following the contentious general elections held on October 9, 2024.
Initially, the ruling Frelimo party's candidate, Daniel Chapo, was declared the winner with 70% of the vote.
However, the Constitutional Court later revised the results, reducing Chapo's winning margin to 65% and acknowledging irregularities that did not significantly alter the outcome.
Opposition leader Venâncio Mondlane received 24.29% of the vote. This decision was announced on December 23, 2024.
The post-election violence has been severe, with over 130 lives lost, more than 2,000 injured, and thousands arrested, including minors.
Additionally, the unrest led to the escape of over 1,500 prisoners from Maputo's Central Maximum-Security Prison on Christmas Day. The economic impact has been substantial, with significant property damage reported across Mozambique.
South African farmers in the Boane district have been forced to flee their land as their properties were looted. The destruction of state-owned property and private homes has further exacerbated the crisis.
Sociological theories on conflict resolution emphasize the importance of dialogue, mutual respect, and the involvement of all stakeholders in the peace process. Conflict Theory, as proposed by Karl Marx, suggests that societal conflicts arise from inequalities and power imbalances.
Applying this theory to Mozambique, the political unrest reflects deeper socio-economic disparities and power struggles. Similarly, Structural Functionalism, as articulated by Emile Durkheim, posits that societal stability is achieved through the interdependence of its institutions.
In Mozambique’s context, the breakdown of political and social institutions has contributed to the current instability, necessitating a comprehensive approach to rebuild trust and functionality.
Nonviolent resistance has proven to be a powerful tool in addressing oppression and injustice. Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy of Satyagraha, which emphasizes nonviolent resistance, is particularly relevant.
According to Gandhi, "Nonviolence is the greatest force at the disposal of mankind. It is mightier than the mightiest weapon of destruction devised by the ingenuity of man."
Complementing nonviolent resistance with soft power—a concept popularized by Joseph Nye—can be instrumental. Soft power involves influencing others through cultural appeal, political values, and diplomacy rather than coercion. In Mozambique, civil society and opposition groups could leverage both approaches to advocate for political reforms and human rights.
Examples of effective soft power include Nelson Mandela’s moral authority and diplomacy in ending apartheid and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission’s role in promoting healing and unity in South Africa.
Mozambique is not the first African country to experience such turmoil. Zimbabwe’s post-election violence in 2008 led to the deaths of hundreds and the displacement of thousands.
In Kenya, the 2007-2008 post-election violence resulted in over 1,000 deaths and the displacement of hundreds of thousands. These examples underscore the urgent need for timely and effective mediation to prevent further escalation.
Key players have voiced their concerns and called for action. Frelimo has defended its victory, while opposition leader Venâncio Mondlane has condemned the violence and called for a peaceful resolution. Civil society organizations have urged the international community to intervene and protect human rights.
The Centre for Democracy and Human Rights in Mozambique, led by Professor Adriano Nuvunga, has appealed for international intervention, stating, "The current political crisis in Mozambique demands immediate and active solidarity from the international community—particularly from the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union, and all organizations dedicated to the preservation of peace, democracy, and human rights."
Similarly, the Mozambican Human Rights League, under Alice Mabota’s leadership, has condemned the violence, emphasizing, “We must stand united and work towards a future where all Mozambicans can live in harmony.”
The South African government has called for dialogue and stability, stressing the need for regional cooperation.
Emmerson Mnangagwa, the current SADC chair, stated, “The post-election violence in Mozambique must end. The regional bloc is ready to assist troubled Mozambique engulfed in post-election violence that has claimed more than 100 lives of protesters.”
President-elect Daniel Chapo expressed his condolences, stating, "Mozambicans, before I express my gratitude for the trust that the Mozambican people have placed in me, allow me, on my own behalf and on behalf of my family, to express my deepest sympathy to the families who lost their loved ones during this period of violent demonstrations.
I would like to convey my sentiments and condolences to the bereaved families." Opposition leader Venâncio Mondlane, in a Facebook live broadcast, declared, "We are with the people. We do not advocate any form of violence."
Samora Machel’s words, "Unity and victory are synonymous," resonate profoundly in these times. His emphasis on solidarity and collective action remains relevant as Mozambique navigates its current crisis. Cohesive efforts are essential to achieve peace and stability.
The African Union (AU) has a pivotal role in mediating the crisis. The AU Peace and Security Council (PSC) should lead efforts to de-escalate the violence and facilitate dialogue between conflicting parties.
Additionally, the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACHPR) can monitor and address human rights abuses, ensuring accountability and justice.
By leveraging its mechanisms, the AU can foster an African-led resolution that respects Mozambique’s sovereignty and agency.
It is crucial to advocate for African solutions to African problems, avoiding reliance on external international bodies that may not fully understand the cultural and political nuances of the region. The AU, with its deep understanding of African dynamics, is better positioned to facilitate sustainable peace and stability.
The crisis in Mozambique demands immediate and proactive engagement to prevent further loss of life and property. Historical examples and sociological theories underscore the necessity of a cooperative and inclusive approach to resolve this impasse.
The international community, regional organizations, and local stakeholders must converge to ensure a peaceful and stable future for Mozambique. Robust humanitarian aid, strategic diplomatic pressure, and unwavering support for peace initiatives are essential.
The resilience and fortitude of the Mozambican people must be harnessed to construct a united and prosperous nation. The world must not remain passive as Mozambique strives for stability and justice. The time for decisive action is now. Together, we can extinguish the fires of conflict and foster a new era of peace and unity.